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Effect of olive-processing technology on the utilization of olive mill pomace as a soil amendment
Marko Černe
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorIgor Palčić
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration
Search for more papers by this authorNikola Major
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Data curation
Search for more papers by this authorIgor Pasković
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Project administration
Search for more papers by this authorJosipa Perković
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorZoran Užila
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorMarina Lukić
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorMarija Romić
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorTea Zubin Ferri
ArcheoLab, Pula, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorSmiljana Goreta Ban
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorAleš Lapanje
Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM), Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorJitka Hreščak
Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM), Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorDavid John Heath
Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM), Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dean Ban
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Correspondence
Dean Ban, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Project administration, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorMarko Černe
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Data curation, Methodology, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorIgor Palčić
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Methodology, Project administration
Search for more papers by this authorNikola Major
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Data curation
Search for more papers by this authorIgor Pasković
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Project administration
Search for more papers by this authorJosipa Perković
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorZoran Užila
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorMarina Lukić
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorMarija Romić
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorTea Zubin Ferri
ArcheoLab, Pula, Croatia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorSmiljana Goreta Ban
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Contribution: Conceptualization, Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorAleš Lapanje
Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM), Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Writing - original draft
Search for more papers by this authorJitka Hreščak
Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM), Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Methodology
Search for more papers by this authorDavid John Heath
Department of Environmental Sciences and Center for Electron Microscopy and Microanalysis (CEMM), Jožef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
Contribution: Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorCorresponding Author
Dean Ban
Department of Agriculture and Nutrition, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Poreč, Croatia
Correspondence
Dean Ban, Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Karla Huguesa 8, 52440 Poreč, Croatia.
Email: [email protected]
Contribution: Project administration, Writing - review & editing
Search for more papers by this authorAssigned to Associate Editor Rebecca Abney.
Abstract
In the Mediterranean basin, the treatment and disposal of olive mill pomace (OMP) remain a salient environmental issue for the olive oil-producing industry. This study assesses the effects of olive-processing technology (three-phase and two-phase systems) on the potential use of OMP as a soil amendment. Samples from 12 Croatian olive mills were analyzed for their total phenolic content (TPC), residual oil fraction, and elemental concentration. The samples were profiled using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and structurally characterized using scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Compared to three-phase samples, two-phase OMP was more acidic (pH 4.5 vs. 5.0), with a higher TPC (3835 vs. 1576 mg/kg fresh weight), oil content (11.7% vs. 7.5% d.w., where d.w. is dry weight), electrical conductivity (EC, 5.1 vs. 3.0 mS/cm), and levels of calcium (Ca, 1.34 vs. 1.20 g/kg d.w.) and copper (Cu, 10.4 vs. 7.0 mg/kg d.w.). Similar values of carbon/nitrogen (C/N; 61 vs. 72), N (10 vs. 8.1 g/kg d.w.), phosphorus (1040 vs. 691 mg/kg d.w.), and potassium (K, 13.7 vs. 8.1 g/kg d.w.) were observed. The amounts of chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc were below EC limits in both cases. The EDS mapping revealed that Ca was concentrated at sharp-edged OMP particles while K was evenly distributed, suggesting that pelletized OMP compost is preferable for amending soil to obtain a homogeneous distribution of nutrients. It was also possible to distinguish between OMPs based on oil and lignin absorption bands in their FT-IR spectra. According to the obtained results, composting is recommended for both types of OMP to produce a safe product for amendment purposes.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Open Research
DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article.
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